Decision Support Systems Used in Network Hardware Essay -- essays rese

Decision Support Systems Used in Network Hardwargon How does entropy pass through the internet? If you said decision support systems, you atomic number 18 correct. In an indecisive world, entanglement hardware devices uses decision support systems (DSS) to efficiently and effectively route information, in a local area network, with the least standard of errors and inconsistencies. Decision support systems are the brains behind network hardware, and would be near impossible for them to work without the intelligent core of each distinct DSS. There are a variety of network hardware devices switches, hubs, and routers and they all use algorithms/procedures to transfer data towards the correct destination. Although there are many more DSS related methods apply to route traffic, this paper describes how these three devices use them and each of there functions. Other types of decision support systems that network hardware devices may use are firewall technology, network address trans lation, and filter tables, which are all described in this paper.Network hardware is used in the first three layers of the OSI reference feigning. The OSI reference model is the Open Systems Interconnections standard and consists of seven layers that build from the wire. At the first layer, the physical layer, hubs maybe used for simple, inexpensive technology within a corporation. Hubs, when receiving data sent to it, sends that data too all network interface cards, or NICS on each computer. If the data is at its correct destination, the NIC to read the data, but if it is not, the data is discarded. Of course, this setting is much slower, because the other NICS are waiting for there turn, which is after the first message is delivered or timed out. Raymond R. Panko writes this about the waiting state a hub goes in when transmitting data This creates latency (delay), which grows as the number of stations grows. Another way of saying this is that the speed of the hub is shared. (Pank o 108) As, you can tell, hubs are simple, and dont use more information than needed.Switches, which are layer 2 devices, use decision based routing by storing NIC hardware addresses and port numbers on a table in the switch. By doing this, when data is received by the switch, it knows where the source was, and where the data needs to go. This allows for faster data transmission for all NICS that are connected, because it uses the swi... ... archeological site tools are being used to uncover the congestion that slows network traffic down. With all these DSS type applications working together in harmony, the internet can be faster and safer to surf, than ever before.SourcesFairhurst, Gorry. Operation of a Router. 10 Jan, 2001. How Firewalls Work. HowStuffWorks (http//howstuffworks.com), by Jeff Tyson. HowStuffWorks Inc.,2002.How LAN Switches Work. HowStuffWorks (http//howstuffworks.com), bye Jeff Tyson. HowStuffWorks Inc.,2002.How Network Address Translation Works. HowStuffWorks (ht tp//www.howstuffworks.com), by Jeff Tyson. HowStuffWorks, Inc., 2002.How Routing Algorithms Work." HowStuffWorks (http//www.howstuffworks.com), by Roozbeh Razavi. HowStuffWorks, Inc., 2002.Norton, Michael J. Layer 3 Switching -- Introducing the Router. The OReilly Network. 13 Apr. 2001. http//www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/770Panko, Raymond R. Business Data Networks and Telecommunication. New Jersey Pearson Education, 2003.Whipple, William L. TCP/IP For Internet Administrators. A Searchable Technical origin Document. Western Logic Works 1997 (http//www.pku.edu.cn/academic/research/computer-center/tc/html/TC0310.html)

Polymorphic & Cloning Computer Viruses :: essays research papers fc

Polymorphic & Cloning Computer Viruses     The generation of today is maturement up in a fast-growing, high-tech worldwhich allows us to do the impossibilities of yesterday. With the help of moderntelecommunications and the rapid growth of the personal computer in the modal(a)household we are able to talk to and share in habitusation with people from allsides of the globe. However, this vast amount of information transport hasopened the doors for the computer " virus" of the future to flourish. As timepasses on, so-called "viruses" are becoming more and more adaptive and dangerous.No longer are viruses merely a oddity among computer users and no longer arethey mere nuisances. Since many people depend on the data in their computerevery day to bring a living, the risk of catastrophe has increased tenfold. Thepeople who create computer viruses are now becoming much more adept at dothem harder to detect and eliminate. These so-called "po lymorphic" viruses areable to clone themselves and change themselves as they need to avoid detection.This form of "smart viruses" allows the virus to have a form of artificialintelligence. To understand the way a computer virus works and spreads, firstone must understand some basics nearly computers, specifically pertaining to theway it stores data. Because of the severity of the damage that these viruses maycause, it is important to understand how anti-virus programs go about detectingthem and how the virus itself adapts to meet the ever changing conditions of acomputer. In much the same way as animals, computer viruses live in complexenvironments. In this case, the computer acts as a form of ecosystem in whichthe virus functions. In order for someone to adequately understand how and whythe virus adapts itself, it must first be shown how the environment isconstantly changing and how the virus can interact and deal with these changes.There are many forms of computers in the world however, for simplicitys sake,this paper will focus on the most common form of personal computers, the 80x86,better known as an IBM compatible machine. The computer itself is run by aspecial piece of electronics known as a microprocessor. This acts as the brainsof the computer ecosystem and could be said to be at the top of the food chain.A computers primary function is to hold and manipulate data and that is where avirus comes into play. Data itself is stored in the computer via memory. Thereare two general categories for all memory random access memory (RAM) andphysical memory (hard and floppy diskettes).

African American Hardships Essay -- African American Studies

African American HardshipsDuring pre-colonial African kinship and inheritance, it provided the bases of organization of many African American communities. African American men were accept for the purpose of inheritance. They also inherited their clan names based on their accomplishments, as well as other things when one decease. Land was not own in many parts of Africa during the pre-colonial period. It was yet held and distributed by African American men. Access to the land by women depended on their obligations or duties within the gendered division of labor. land was the job of many African women. Men believed in having several wives that would all work together as farm workers and do whatever duties necessary as required.Africa is considered to be a multi-lingual country. There are eleven officially recognized languages their, many of which are often spoken but not widespread. English is loosely understood across the country. It is one of the eleven common spoken languages but it only ranks 5th out of the eleven spoken languages. During the 15th and the 19th century, major changes had happened to the African and North American continents. Europeans ventured to Africa where they began a trans-Atlantic slave trade. Many Africans were taken as throw in people and then forced into slavery in southwestward America, the Caribbean and North America. This slave trade had brought about a different type of racism. It was the color of your skin that determined whether a person would be a free citizen or be enslaved for life. This slave trade also devastated African lives and their heritage.Some slaves were sold and traded more than once, often in a slave market. Families were torn apart, children hysterically cried while t... ...t units to serve in the civil war. Most blacks did not care about what the issues of the war was. They joined because it provided a better income which was an alternative way of qualification money compared to the poorly paid domestic l abor that most blacks had endure. The civil war resulted in the 13th Amendment of the Constitution which abolished slavery all together. Although black soldiers fought in the war which eventually ended slavery, they still did not have civil rights. The whites did not want to share political power with African Americans. This had brought about the fourteenth and 15th Amendments to the Constitution. African Americans were at present guaranteed civil rights. This change opened doors for African Americans so that they can progress and excel in the political system. Public schools were now established and access to jobs outside domestic labor was now available.

The Awakening - Personality Developments :: essays research papers

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT&9The idea that one can understand and comprehend the evolution of an individual is profound and abstruse, but very few people have actually had success dealing with such a topic. From obstacles such as suitable test subjects to the whole stigma of taboo attached in trying to understand the human mind, researchers and psychologists have had success. One of the most notable successes is that of Sigmund Freud, the father of neo psychology, as we know it. Freuds in depth pioneering journey into the minds of people, and how the mind itself develops with the passing of time and events. Other modern psychologists have elaborated on Freud, including the psychologists Erik Erikson and Karen Horney. Their thoughts on the personality development of people relate directly to Kate Chopins book, The Awakening. In this book, the theories discussed by Freud and his successors are shown explicitly and implicitly. &9Obviously, Sigmund Freuds work in the dramaturgy of perso nality development was by far the most prolific and controversial. The father of modern psychology, Freud broke all barriers to expose what he thought to be the material reasons for human behavior. His theories of personality development can best start with the discussion of the conscious and the unconscious mind. The conscious mindalong with the lesser preconscious mindis that adjourn of the mind that one has control, or knowledge of. Ironically, this is the least part of the mind that one has control over. The so called "subconscious" mind is the part of the mind that lurks under the surface, filled with instincts, emotions, and unfulfilled desires (Shaffer 26). The make sense human mind is divided into the famous three parts of the Id, the swelled head, and the superego. The Id can be correlated directly to the subconscious, since it contains ones innermost thoughts, feelings, and desires, or as Freud would call them, "wishes". The Id represents ones innermost and primitive desires, such as food and reproduction, and it constantly drives ones actions. The total antithesis of the Id is the superego. The superego in the case of personality development, comes directly from parents. This superego is consisted of the conscience (punishments and warnings) and the ego ideal (positive rewards and role models). Thus the superego can be defined as what keeps the Id in check, which leads to the ego. The ego is the rationalizing factor, it is the result of the superego and the Id, canceling each other out.

The Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka Essay -- Papers Poem Poetry

The Telephone communication by Wole Soyinka The Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka is a poem thats agnomen is very casual and straight forward. The poems title shows the reader that what they are meant to read is realistic and free flowing. Like almost poems there is a general theme that is carried on from start to end. The Telephone Conversation has two main obvious themes these are racism and the lack of education and learning that some people may have. As the reader reads through the maneuver they become aware that the fictitious character is African and therefore has a darker skin tone than white skinned people. The poet has given the persona as well as the landlady different forms of speech. The persona appears to speak a little more formally than the landlady and this could perhaps be to lack of education and understanding towards the landlady or even that she feels the persona is unclear of the English language. The persona tends to be mo re formal and use more official ways of speaking, Down in my passport. The speech of the landlady is written in capital letters. This could have been done deliberately by the poet to emphasize how the landlady imagines the persona to look like. ARE YOU DARK? OR VERY LIGHT? This illustrates to the reader that the landlady speaks easy and clearly to the persona as she may see the persona to be dumb and unfamiliar with the words coming out of her mouth. The poems form is different to most other poems. The Telephone Conversation has been written to make the reader feel more at ease and relaxed when reading it. It is written in blank rime and therefore there is no rhyme... ...fect of sinking into the mind of the reader. It is a poem which has a real meaning that is obvious to people and can help them understand some of the problems that we face in todays society, problems like racism. The subject of this poem is not one that is nevertheless faced by one person. The poem can be used in a therapeutic way to those who have experienced the same or similar discrimination in their life. This poem helps others become more aware that they are not the only people in the world with these thoughts and feelings and that they have every right to speak up and express their feelings defensively. Not only is the effect of this poem beneficial to those who have been discriminated but also to those who are discriminating. It allows them to open their eyes and see how they are affecting the lives of innocent people.

The Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka Essay -- Papers Poem Poetry

The Teleph adept Conversation by Wole Soyinka The Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka is a poem thats title is genuinely casual and straight forward. The poems title shows the reader that what they are meant to read is realistic and free flowing. Like most poems there is a general theme that is carried on from start to end. The Telephone Conversation has two main obvious themes these are racism and the lack of education and arrest that some race may have. As the reader reads through the play they become aware that the fictitious character is African and therefore has a darker skin tone than white skinned people. The poet has given the persona as well as the landlady different forms of speech. The persona appears to speak a little more formally than the landlady and this could perhaps be to lack of education and understanding towards the landlady or even that she feels the persona is unclear of the English language. The persona tends to be more for mal and use more official ways of speaking, Down in my passport. The speech of the landlady is write in capital letters. This could have been done deliberately by the poet to emphasize how the landlady imagines the persona to look like. ARE YOU DARK? OR truly LIGHT? This illustrates to the reader that the landlady speaks slowly and clearly to the persona as she may see the persona to be dumb and unfamiliar with the words coming egress of her mouth. The poems form is different to most other poems. The Telephone Conversation has been written to make the reader feel more at ease and relaxed when reading it. It is written in blank verse and therefore there is no rhyme... ...fect of sinking into the mind of the reader. It is a poem which has a real meaning that is obvious to people and can help them understand some of the problems that we face in todays society, problems like racism. The subject of this poem is not one that is only faced by one person. The poem can be used in a therapeutic way to those who have experienced the same or similar discrimination in their life. This poem helps others become more aware that they are not the only people in the world with these thoughts and feelings and that they have every right to speak up and express their feelings defensively. Not only is the effect of this poem beneficial to those who have been discriminated but also to those who are discriminating. It allows them to open their eyes and see how they are touch the lives of innocent people.

Comparing Arnold’s Dover Beach to Hecht’s Dover Bitch Essay

Much as it is a numbers of vivid images translated into feelings of melancholia and uber sentimentality, capital of Delaware Beach has been touted as one of Matthew Arnolds most admired poems. It was probably composed in the summer of 1851 and subsequently revised for the volume of New Poems in 1867 (Baum, 1958, p. 85). The poem basks in the feelings of self-conflict, loneliness, alienation and uncomprehensible emotions set during the Victorian times.The poem consists of four sections or stanzas the setting (1-14) Sophocles, or the Greek analog (15-20) the sea at capital of Delaware and the Sea of Faith, or the parallel extended (21-28) and the personal appeal (29-37). At the start of the poem, readers could visualize a man standing at the edge of Dover Beach, feeling down and out. His timber is some what indifferent and philosophical about lifes iniquities. He past revealed that there is a char with him, which he refers to as love.And, it then concludes with a pessimistic lamen tation relative to the possibility of human happiness in a time bereft of faith for the world, which seems To lie before us like a land of dreams, So various, so beautiful, so new, Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain Anthony Hechts Dover crab (1968) claimed notoriety in parodying the uber romantic machinations of the male persona in Dover Beach. Hecht sluice acknowledged Arnold in his poem and begins with these linesSo there stood Matthew Arnold and this girl With the cliffs of England crumbling away behind them, And he said to her, Try to be true to me, And Ill do the same for you, for things are bad All over, etc. Noteworthy is that Hecht frankly assumes Arnold to be the speaker unit and his companion to be a woman, but he does not go on to suppose that Matthew Arnold was telling her not to worry and to leave it all to him he was fully aware that things are bad/All over for foreverybody, not just for the two of them.There doesnt seem to be every tinge in Dover Bitch that Matthew is going to do this girls worrying about the world as well as his own. Nor is there any such suggestion in Dover Beach the speakers point is that they are both, and indeed we are all, in the same boat he is as helpless as his friend, whatever the friends sex. Gender seems here to be about as irrelevant as it can ever be. Whatever the appearances to the contrary, the world Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain.Nearly everyone assumes that Dover Beach was written with Mrs. Arnold in mind. If one assumes further that the picture of Dover Beach in the moonlight Come to the window -represents the stop of Arnold and his wife at Dover on their wedding journey in June 1851, there would be corroboration in the later lines the world which seems To lie before us . . . So various, so beautiful, so new, there would be additional ruth in the appeal let us be true To one another in spi te of all its hostile forces mentioned in the poem.In fact, Duffin (1962) illustrated that Dover Beach provides a lovely picture of married love the poet, looking out on the calm, moonlit straits, speaks over his shoulder to his wife. In his way, the poet interprets for her the sound of the waves upon the beach, tryout the eternal note of sadness and comparing it with the ebbing of the Sea of Faith. He lets the mood oppress him, making him see life as a loveless, joyless confusion of struggle and flight, with but one refugeAh, love, let us be true/ To one another (p. 75). On the other hand, Hecht delusive that the girl was some sort of a high-class prostituteWell now, I knew this girl. Its true she had read Sophocles in a fairly sober translation And caught that bitter allusion to the sea, But all the time he was talking she had in mind The notion of what his whiskers would feel like On the ski binding of her neck. To have been brought All the way down from London, and then be addressed As a sort of mournful cosmic run restore Is really tough on a girl, and she was pretty. Hecht translated Arnolds romanticism and helplessness to be viewed by another person who exhibits anarchic individualism, who viewed the iniquities of the woman rather than the feeling.Hecht even deconstructed the poetry form of Dover Beach as he wrote the poem that has a casual tone, something that is spoken as a gossip in a tavern or bar. Readers could even probably assume that the speaker is a bartender. When the presence of the universal becomes more important than its structure, value comes to reside more in intensity than in the meaning of actions, more in the fact of participation with the forces of process than in the results achieved by action and societys approval of them. Clearly, Hecht took advantage of Arnolds aloofness to the girl at the starting stanzas.The womans presence is only recognized at the end of Arnolds poem, crafted in such a way readers should think about t he whole picture about what the remainder of the story really is. Hechts speaker in Dover Bitch could only roll his eyeballs about the uselessness of the heart-rending oration to a woman is who is not all interested in the entire romantic conflagration. The speaker feels that this woman more concerned with her own tangible pleasures than the speakers bleak view of life. Both poems are exquisite in their own way. Arnolds poem was romantic and Hechts was allergic romantic.Arnold created this scene at the Dover Beach and Hecht just criticized the speaker in the poem to stop the mournful cosmic last resort idea to view and start to view lifes realities in a different perspective. It somewhat a poetic way of aspect that Life is a bitch, I know. Deal with it Clearly, reading these poems, readers could tell the significance of what point-of-view means when to ascertain what thoughts of the people could be in a story. Works Cited Baum, Paull F. x Studies in the Poetry of Matthew Arnold. Durham, NC Duke University Press, 1958. Duffin, Henry Charles. Arnold the Poet. London Bowes & Bowes, 1962.

5 Bases of Power and Leadership Essay

When we mention the word Power most of the people will hypothecate that effect is evil, corrupt, self-serving, manipulative and hurtful. However, there is a positive face to addressing power acquisition, power-base development, and power use. When power is used in an ethical and purposeful way, there is cryptograph evil about it. leading is interpersonal influence, exercised in a situation, and directed, through communication process, toward the attainment of a specified goal or goals. (Tannenbaum, Weschler, & Massarik, 1961, p. 24).Sales Leadership regularly acquires and uses power to accomplish specific work goals and to strengthen their own positions to empower salesperson rather than dominate them. There are five variant powers that affect leadership which include expert power, referent power, legitimate power, reward power and coercive power. Expert power is define as a study source f personal power is expertise in solving problems and performing important task. (French & Raven, 1959) Expert power is needed for those employees who need task direction.It too builds confidence in the leaders ability to teach and delegate tasks that the team needs to accomplish. The more important problem is to the target person, the greater the power derived by the agent from the possessing the necessary expertise to solve it. With the expert power it helps the leaders to develop and maintain a reputation for technical expertise and rigid credibility. Moreover, Charisma leader have the expert power and also have insight into the needs, hopes, and values of followers and are able to motivate commitment to proposals and strategies change.

A Review of Laser Processes Used in Solar Cell Fabrication

A Review of Laser Processes Used in solar carrell Fabrication Abstract on that point are many different laser proficiencys that outhouse be apply in the production of solar cubicles. By examining the question which the various solar cells were fabricated with laser technique, it is possible to understand the pros and cons of using laser for produce the cells. The following paragraphs will list which process the laser technique have been utilize in this review. IntroductionThe buried contact solar cell was invented at University of New South Wales by Green et al. in 1983. These solar cells have a relatively high expertness approximately 25% and present a possibility of cost-reduction with applying this technology to the manufacturers production lines. The following are the usual master(prenominal) steps of forming the buried contact solar cell 1. Texturing of uprises 2. Top surface airing 3. Oxide growth 4. Groove cutting and distribution 5. Aluminum sediment and sinte r 6. Metal plating 7. Edge isolationThe key parts of this process, which result in the cells become more efficiency than the standard screen depression solar cells are the laser grooving and groove diffusion to reduce the cell shading and contact resistance and the texturing which reduce the surface reflection. A courtly of a buried contact solar cell is shown in the figure below (Green 1995). pic range 1 Cross-section of buried contact solar cell inquiry continues working on the shipway which could further modify the efficiency of the buried contact solar cell.With the statistics obtained from the experiment, they can try to figure out the effects which using different methods and materials in solar cells would cause. These parts include different diffusion profiles to form the p-n junction, surface passivation using different materials, and the different methods of grooving of the silicon, rear surface treatment, metallization and so on. Laser texturing In rate to reduce the reflection effect of the solar cells, cause surface texturing is one solution. There have many methods to affix the light trapping, such as mechanical scribing and reactive ion etching.However, laser texturing could effectively texture the multicrystalline surface, providing isotropic etching that other techniques cannot do. Abbott and Cotter (2006) revealed that with deeper laser texturing, the less the front surface reflection is. More detailed results are shown in figure 2 (adapted from Abbott and Cotter 2006). Note that with very alter texturing (10mm), they cannot trapping very well, as a result behaving like the planar one. Figure 2 Front surface reflection of laser textured samples with different ablation pit depths (0) 10mm, (? 20mm, (? ) 30 mm, (*) 40 mm, (x) 50mm with residual slag, (+) planar silicon and (line) random pyramid textured silicon. It is straightforward that we should texturing deeper pit, however, this will increase the surface recombination rate, which i s detrimental to solar cells. Even though the pit depths 50mm have the lowest reflection, it will leave some slag in the pits that acting like defects. These residual slags will enhance the surface recombination rate, cut the open-circuit voltage as well as the efficiency of the solar cells.Finding better parameters of operation to texture the wafer properly without the appearance of slag is therefore becomes the main issue for the manufacturers. Top Surface diffusion The conventional method for doping materials is the thermal diffusion which performed at high temperature (over 800? ). The process is so-called solid state diffusion and has various methods, for instance physical vapour deposition, to control the doping profiles. Also there is a considerable alternative method of forming doping celestial orbits in silicon solar cells by using laser-doping.With the NdYAG pulsed laser, the doping profiles can be controlled with the desirable doping area. Ogane et al. (2009) asserted t hat by using the laser doping technique with 0. 5W output, it can fabricate the solar cells with comparable efficiency to those fabricated by thermal diffusion methods. Some statistics of the result from their research are shown in figure 3 (adapted from Ogane et al. 2009). Note that a large add together of the oxygen atoms are getd to the solar cells owing to the operation is in air. This increase the sheet resistance and as a result, reducing the efficiency of the solar cells.The advantages of the laser doping process are that it can be operated at room temperature, in the atmosphere, as well as the easier process forming a selective doping area without any lithography pre-set processes. With these advantages, even though the properties of these solar cells are slightly worse than the cells handled by thermal diffusion, it is acceptable to some manufacturers and worthy to work on it. pic Figure 3 The average of six solar cells properties of cells with emitters fabricated by laser doping as a function of laser output power, compared with the case of thermal diffusion (TD).Laser groove The most common device which is used to form the laser grooved front surface contacts is the NdYAG pulsed laser, operating at a high frequency. The depth of the laser groove afterwards lasing is typically 30 microns deep and approximately 20 microns wide. During the process, laser will vaporises silicon through the oxidisation layer, and this will induce the thermally damaged to silicon. Such this damage will acts as recombination sites of carriers when operating the solar cells, minimised this defect is therefore necessary in order to improve the efficiency of the solar cells.Studies on this part (Schoonderbeek et al. 2007) have revealed that using the shorter wavelength of the laser, i. e. the higher power output can reduce the thermal damage induce by the laser. pic Figure 4 Increased lifetime ratios (decreased laser damage) are obtained when scribing lines using short-wav elength lasers. Figure 4 (adapted from Schoonderbeek et al. 2007) above shows that by using lasers with short-wavelength at both 532nm (green) or 355nm (UV) will have better properties in comparison to 1064nm (IR) laser. Nevertheless, the lower cost of the IR laser is more favourable to the manufacturer.Thus the solar cell research of this part is undertaken at institutions and companies in order to find out the better trade-off point. Back surface compass and laser-fired contacts The technology which usually used for rear contact passivation in solar cells is that highly doped region near the back contact. This is called back surface field. Normally aluminium is applied to it by evaporation, following by sintering to make aluminium atoms diffuse into the silicon. For reducing the cost per watts generated by solar cell, some different methods were tested for the feasibility analysis.One of the ways for reducing the cost is doping aluminium locally (Meemongkolkiat et al. 2006). It is obviously that doping less metal could reduce the cost, however the efficiency should not be diminish too much. In this process the oxide on the back surface is partially etched prior to aluminium were screen-printed on it. In their research, with choosing the aluminium screen-printing pastes properly (the composition is not provided in their paper), the efficiency of the solar cells are adequately (16%) compared to the normally full back surface field (16. %). Alternatively, aluminium deposition can be applied to the solar cell with the passivated emitter and rear contact, followed by fast scanning laser firing to reduce the rear surface recombination rate as well as improve light trapping. With this so-called laser-fired contact technique, Schneiderlochner et al. (2002, p. 32) demonstrated that the efficiency of the laser-fired contact solar cell can reach up to 21. 3%. Some results from their research can be seen in figure 5, which are adapted from Schneiderlochner et al. 002. Note that the silicon nitride passivated layer has a lower efficiency maybe due to degradation in passivation quality during laser firing. pic Figure 5 The solar cell results with the laser-fired contact technique compared with conventionally processed passivated emitter and rear cells The main advantage of the laser-fired contact is that after possessed a passivating layer and depositing the aluminium, there is only one step needed (laser firing) instead of several processes of photolithography.Hence by using NdYAG pulsed laser system for laser-fired contact processing, the cost per watts can be reduced due to less handling steps, as well as the expensive chemicals. Summary There are some different techniques with respect to laser that applied to the fabrication of the solar cells are discussed above. With the laser system applied to the back surface field and laser-fired contacts, the cost can be reduced by using less costly chemicals, whereas shrinking the cost of instruments an d operation for the case that laser system induced to the top surface diffusion.The aims of both grooving and texturing using laser technique are improving the properties of the solar cells. The laser system provides the possibilities of reducing the cost per watts without decrease too many characteristics of the solar cells, which is the most important issue for manufacturers. Therefore, studies focus on these techniques will continue while some of them are already used in fabricating solar cells with other techniques. The ultimate aim of these is make the solar cells as cheap as possible so that public are ordain to having it, thus minimizing the environment impact. Reference Abbott, M. and Cotter, J. 006, Optical and electrical properties of laser texturing for high-efficiency solar cells, Progress in Photovoltaics Research and Applications, Volume 14, Issue 3, pp. 225-235. Honsberg, C. and Bowden, S. 2009, Buried Contact Solar Cells, Photovoltaics CDROM, accessed 12 September 2 009, . Meemongkolkiat, V. Nakayashiki, K. Dong Seop, K. Kim, S. Shaikh A. Kuebelbeck, A. Stockum, W. and Rohatgi, A. 2006, Investigation of modified screen-printing Al pastes for local back surface field formation, Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Conference establish of the 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on, Volume 2, pp. 1338-1341. NdYAG laser, wiki article, 3 July 2009, accessed 14 September 2009, http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/NdYAG_laser. Ogane, A. Hirata, K. Horiuchi, K. Nishihara, Y. Takahashi, Y. Kitiyanan, A. and Fuyuki, T. 2009, Laser-doping technique using ultraviolet laser for shallow doping in crystalline silicon solar cell fabrication, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 48, Issue 7, pp. 071201. Schneiderlochner, E. Preu, R. Ludemann, R. and Glunz, S. W. 2002, Laser-fired rear contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells, Progress in Photovoltaics Research and Applications, Volume 10, Issue 1, pp. 9-34. Schneiderlochner, E. Grohe, A. Glunz, S. W. Preu, R. & Willeke, W. 2003, Scanning NdYAG laser system for industrially applicable processing in silicon solar cell manufacturing, Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003. Proceedings of 3rd World Conference on, Volume 2, pp 1364-1367. Schoonderbeek, A. Stute, U. Ostendorf, A. Grischke, R. Engelhart, P. Meyer, R. and Brendel, R. 2007, Laser technology in silicon solar cell production, Proceedings of the 4th International WLT-Conference on Lasers in Manufacturing, pp 693698. pic

Nitrophenol Essay

Abstract Using a micro scale go distillation we se paratrooperted ortho and para-nitrophenol from a mixture that was already made. After the para and ortho were uncaring we measured their melting points and compargond it to the literature values for purity. For ortho-nitrophenol we had 60% recovery and for para 160% recovery. Our melting point ranges were ortho 45-46C and para 64-95C.IntroductionNitration In phenols, -OH group strongly activates the ring system. As a result, phenols are susceptible to oxidisation in the presence of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). Thus, nitration of phenols is carried out with dilute nitric acid and results in the formation of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol. The o-nitrophenol is steam volatile and the mixture of o-nitrophenol and p-nitrophenol is separated by steam distillation, in our case using micro scale measurements for safety and time consumption purposes.(Electrophilic aromatic substitution) We used steam distillation because we are distil ling under 100C above 100C is H2O. Looking at the volatility of o-nitrophenol compared to p-nitrophenol, the p-nitrophenol has intermolecular hydrogen bonding and it occurs due to a commodious number of molecules are associated together. This association in the p-isomer makes it less volatile. However in o-nitrophenol, intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs and thus, it exists in a monomolecular state making it to a greater extent volatile.Results/Discussion Using a sand bath for transferring of heat through the distillation which was sitting on a hot plate. Using a humiliated round bottom flask which was attached to Hickmans distillation head and then we attached water through the openings. Using 1.00g of the prepared mixture we move it in the round bottom flask on with 1.00mL of ethanol and then filled it about 2/3 with water. We added a magnetic spin-vane to the flask as well. We collected the yellow waxy ortho-isomer from groove in Hickmans distillation head using a Pasteur pipette.We made sure that the solids did not accumulate as this would clog the condenser. If it did we would just turn off the cold water momentarily and the hot vapor would melt the solid. The distillation took about 45 minutes and sluice though this was the specified time period for distilling the mixture, we felt as though much of the ortho-isomer was left in the small round bottom flask along with the para-isomer and the spin valve. In order to characterize the 2- and 4-nitrophenols, we need to determine their melting points. We compared our results to those in the literature.Data*some ortho solidified in the Pasteur pipette so on that point might arise a percent error from this as some ortho was left in there. *we assumed that the starting mixture was about 50% for each one of o- and p-nitrophenol.

Calvin College Essay

I shed a vision of what my college experience will look like. It is a montage of college scenes pulled from books, movies, and my university tours. I see guitar-accompanied picnics and discourse sneakers crunching through leaves on a sidewalk. I see countless chai lattes turning into empty cups during late night essay writing, during which Im simply decorate in a hoodie and headphones. I see the magic bond that forms between two nervous freshmen roommates as they spontaneously belt out a strain in tune with the radio.When I walked through the picturesque Calvin campus, I could truly envision myself in Converse sneakers on my way to conquer an essay with a chai latte and headphones at the ready. I dont know whether college will look like that or not, but I hope to balance the challenges and rigors of learning, with extravagance and a sense of community. I hope that I will have the opportunity to love life, and show love toward others, at Calvin. I am pull to the intimate campus and dedicated staff at Calvin College because it reminds me of the school in which I grew up.Rudolf Steiner is a small, unique school that has encouraged me to explore, pursue my passions everyday, show responsibility toward my community, and have a familial relationship with my peers. I was encouraged to appreciate music, art, travel, language, and to revel in the triumphs that are possible when a community comes together to share their gifts and talents. It is this productive spirit and sense of loyalty that I hope to bring to Calvin. I want to grow in character as well as in my academics.I want to feel inspired, and to inspire others. Film is my passion and it is my goal to capture enchanting moments, from the purity of a dance silhouetted by a melting sunset, to the settle down elegance of an artist who is surrounded by the bustle of life and yet completely alone with a sketchbook. For me, there are few things more pleasant than being able to portray to my friends the love an d beauty that I see in them. I also hope to utilize skills and ideas learned in my spring chicken Leadership Team experience, and apply them to my Calvin experience.On my church Mission Trip, I was moved by the verse Timothy 412 regarding youth and behavior, which is good advice for college students. I am committed to embracing the weightlessness of my youth, while setting a strong and noble example in character. This is what I hope to continue at Calvin. I know that college will be full of challenges and that it may not match my cinematic depiction. I am confident, however, that if I keep my friends close, pursue my passions, and keep on in touch with my faith, I will carve out a future that inspires me and touches others in a positive way.

Lust is Illusive Essay

Susan Minots short explanation, Lust, shares a tale of sexually pervading adolescent girl. The unnamed protagonist victimizes herself in fragmented recollections of sexual encounters with multiple partners. scream down spirals her into a realm of self- languish. The narrator begins as a morally bankrupt adolescent and the text unravels a severely ambivalent sad puerile girl. The more than of yourself that you passively give away the less of yourself you become.The protagonist is not developed by physical features. She is created by her relationships with others. Her feelings and actions also allow the reader to peter deeper into what kind of person she is. As a dynamic character she undergoes inner conflict. Once she recognizes her conflict with impulsive sexual conduct she possesses the power of change.At the source of the story she is emotionally vacant. When sharing she chose the objective style of storytelling. It was not the tradition style that bursts with details. With t he minimal detail the narrators voice strengthened. Though her talking to are short it makes the readers anticipation grow. The quick to the point delivery gave the reader the general idea of her lifestyle.She distances herself from experiences. The narrator inconsistently tells the story in first and randomness person. Separating herself from the actions takes the blame off her. Dissociation shows when she describes her feelings after sex. You make out the dim shape of the windows and feel yourself become acave, filled absolutely with mental strain, or with a sadness that wouldnt stop. It may be possible that the narrator wants to feel nothing at all rather than sadness. Being empty with just air or with sadness is inevitable. Her hollowness engulfs all the regretted decisions.She victimizes herself to her partners. All the acts are initiated by the goofballs. Every guy that she mentions has the upper hand. It is about their alike(p)s and dislikes. It is never what she wants s he only wishes to please them. You bide till they come to you youd do anything for them. (282) She would do anything for them even be critiqued about her body appearance. When guys pursue her in a disrespectful manner she feels compel to give them attention. She chooses to entertain them despite her knowledge of their intentions. She is overly dependent on males. She continues to self- victimize She does not realize that gaiety is internal and to experience external happiness you have to be right within.There is a constant reference of peer pressure. She wants so badly to belong. Upon the transition of a new school everyone would like to be accepted. She is only fifteen and expressing her rebellion. She parties with the kids from school and they get into delinquent activities. She smokes cigarettes and goes and gets drunk. There is sadness the seeps through her text. She does all this as a coping mechanism to cloture out the spurts of sadness.With each guy there was a part of he r that is lost. Male dominance is present. She compared a son with multiple partners and a girl with multiple partners. The guy had a bright look and bloomed after every girl. He would proudly gloat about his stories and everyone would support it. There would be guys encouraging him to lure more girls for his endless stories. A girl is different, there is no shine. There is only regret. It once grew into a proud beautiful blossomed flower. Now after each boy the petals would be plucked. The flower left in sorrow hunched over surrounded with rotted petal. You were not yourself anymore. Her identity is lost. Her voice is lost. It is obsolete.The narrator is a likable character. The generation of these adolescentgirls could very well identify with her. She evokes a little hope that there can be resurrected after disaster. Her actions are the reflection of an heroic poem phase that will continue to be a struggle for generations to come. Though at first she takes no responsibility for her action she has realized that maybe she is the urinate of her dissatisfying life. This story is a great coming of age example of arbitrary conquests and its outcome on teenage girls.She puts the nonchalance attitude to the side and voices her thoughts. Towards the end of the story the paragraphs become emotionally synced and detailed. Now you know her thoughts and she feels used, tired, cheated. The reader is left without a denouement of satisfaction. The narrative is concluded with unsettling sentences of the disappearance of herself. There is only speculation that she resigns after the conscious discovery of her tragic emotional state.

Motivation & Leadership Journal Assignment

Journal Assignment What resistant of work do you do? unresolved is part proprietor to a computer T1/T2 provider. How long have you been doing it? Subject has being working there for 17 years. Can you describe a typical work solar day? Subject states that she is on the board and that she overlooks boards requirements, check incoming and bug outgoing contracts, mediator, and she sets up all the rules and regulations for the cooperation. Why did you end up doing this work? What kind of person often does this sort of work? (And would they rent themselves typical? Subject stated that she wanted to do this because she wanted to start her own seam so that they could help financially stabilize friends, family members, and partners. The sort of person who often does this sort of work is an A typical person who is controlling and strives to have more out of life than what is typical. What do you wish about this work? Subject states that she likes the diversity which is incorporated thro ugh dealing with other companies and also the staff at the company. What is uncorrectable about this work?The difficulty is how people bond to easily which brings their personal life into their work life and how they be not able to separate friendship and work relationship. This open doors to issues like sexual harassment, misconduct, and theft. How do (customers, others in the company ) treat you? What do they think about the job you do? Adapt this question to mark your particular interviewtry to get at how they think they be treated based on their work. Subject states that others are afraid of her and extremely intimidated. Subject states that they do not want the job that she does but they enjoy working for the company.How does being a (fill in the blank with a salient cultural kinsfolk man, older person, African-American, 20-something, etc. ) play into the work you do? Subject states that initially there were barrier because of the stuffy suits that could not with having a woman in charge. there was open defiance, rudeness, and vulgarity. Subject states that she fired members board delinquent to their insubordination. Has this work changed the way you think about yourself, about the world? Subject states that she has the big businessman to separate her work life and personal life.Subject states that she is now a cold, calculating, malicious, and deviant individual due to the desire to have more money and more business for the company as whole. Subject states that personally she is a caring, loving individual but as far as the world goes she believes that there are to a fault many lazy individuals that dont want to take responsibility for ensuring that task are completed. Subject feels that everyone wants a handout and does not want to pretend their livelihood. What are some cultural values that are important to you (can be family, work, or interpersonal)?Do you think these are analogous to or different from mainstream American culture? Please explain your ideas. Subject states that the business world is so much more complicated and unsympathetic to race, religion, politics, and sexuality. Subject states that they really dont care about cultural values as long as you can perform your job. She also stated that in the business world they are aesthetic creatures who use whatever means necessary to get to the next level. She believes that this is very different from mainstream American culture, almost to the point of being anti-social.What do you like best about American culture? What do you like least? (Even if the person is American, they will have an notion about this question that gives you some brainstorm about how they view things from their perspective. ) Subjects like the fact that the American culture has a huge melting pot of candidates who are brilliant and talented in the duty that they choose. Due to this fact when the company is in need of candidates with a specific talent it is easier to find a candidate who fits the mold for that position. AnalysisThink about your interview, the person, and their work. Please consider these questions as you write your journal assignment What aspects of this persons work determine or indicate their status relative to others? The subjects work environment is one which a wealthiness of knowledge is extremely necessary in order to be successful. The subject is in the process of completing 4 doctorate degrees. Due to the fact that she is drumhead of the board of directors she is looked up to by her subordinates and is expected to be knowledgeable in all areas of the company.She is a bit anti-social yet still remains professional and accessible to the lowest ranking individual at the company. What are some of the connections between this persons work experience and gender, race, age, and /or ethnicity (etc. )? The actual subject was of Cherokee Indian hereditary pattern and this heritage seemed to be at the center of how the subject intertwines her work and still remains true to her culture and tribe. Most of the subjects knowledge is in great(p) part of how she was raised on the reservation coupled with her age which helps to emphasize the important of maturity when making sound decisions.What kinds of perspectives, values, and behaviors does this persons work culture encourage? The attitudes, values, and behaviors that are displayed at their work culture is that of an air of self-motivation. The individual employee is held accountable for their own success or failure. Excuses are unacceptable. Their also seems to be a nonchalant attitude about their employees values. From what I gleaned from the interview what you believe in does not matter to the employee as long as you are doing your job to the best of your ability.What attitudes and values, held by this person, were similar to your own, and which were different? The attitudes and values of the subject were much in line with mine. The subject believes in receiving reward for hard work done and if you do not do the work you do not receive compensation. I did not like the fact that the subject refused to consider the cultural needs of the employee. I believe this whitethorn cause problems for them later on down the line. From this interview, what can give us insight into communicating across cultures or across work cultures?In my opinion communicating across cultures or work cultures takes a combined effort. Everyone in the company has to be open to the idea of using their talents which may have manifested due to elements from that individuals culture. Communication is not a one-sided instrument. In order for it to be effective the employer has to take steps to ensure that there are open lines of talk no matter what an employees background may be. In the end I believe that organizations only conform to the idea of culture because they are squeeze to.

Confidentiality, Multiple Relationships, Conflict of Interest Essay

You argon a counseling psychologist. One day, a 19 year old daughter had knocked on your military post door and asked for some advice. You nonice that she is Lily, your nephew. She is almost crying when she entered your room. It is important to note that this nephew of yours had become an intern in your clinic 6 months ago. This made you hesitant to accept her in your counsel. However, you decide to let her in. After some 10 minutes of just crying, she told you that she was raped by her clotheshorse one week before that consultation.Upon hearing that, she urgently told you that you dont want to tell that to her p arnts, meaning your sister (you and her mother are sisters). She decided not to pursue any criminal charges against her boyfriend and will just leave and forget the issue. She still loves her boyfriend and decided to stick with him despite the crime. She told you that she only consults you because she just wants someone who is professional that she can share her preventiv e who can guarantee that the secret will not be told on other people.You suddenly hatch that you already met her boyfriend in one family affair. At that time, you have a feeling inside that that computerized tomography has some mental abnormality. Subtlety, you are against their relationship. At this moment, you are undecided about the issue. You are unsure if you are going to keep the confidentiality of the case of your client which turned to be a former intern in your clinic and at the same time your nephew.

Salvador Dali’s Childhood

The two greatest strokes of set that can happen to a painter are (1), to be Spanish, (2) to be c every last(predicate)ed Salvador Dali. Even today, Salvador Dali is considered one of the close influential and successful surrealist artist in history, yet not much is cognize about his childishness and what we do know is incredibly vague. His childishness is what influenced many of the famous symbols and styles found in his paintings and made them what they are. Salvador Dalais surrealist art is amazingly vivid and filled with symbols from both his childhood and adulthood.From the symbolic break up clocks to the lesser known fried eggs. Even from a new-made age, Salvador was a very eccentric and somewhat disturbed child. When I was three I valued to be a realize. At the age of six I wanted to be Napoleon. Since then my ambition has increased all the time, (surrealists. Co. UK/ DalipH). Dali surely had many eccentric ambitions. From a cook too Napoleon, this now legendary paint er has much history that is clearly shown in his art. Dalais childhood was safe of perverse and sadistic elements that were to become a major art of his symbolist paintings, (surrealists. Co. UK/DalipH). As a young boy, Dali began to show signs of aggression, because of this he was sent away to live with a family friend who happened to be an artist. There he developed the want to become an artist and explored other passions, such as pain. He was masochistic and would knock off himself down the stairs because the pain influenced him. He had said, The pain was insignificant, the pleasure was immense. More often than not, his desire to be different came out as violence. In one incident, pushing his friend Off 15-foot bridge to receive him fall. Salvador eccentricities didnt fade with age, if anything they intensified. Almost everything he tried, he did well. He was a writer, a movie maker (biography/ mess/ Salvador-Dali-40389? rascal=1). Dali himself said that he would not be forg otten, he made sure of this by scatter his name to all sections of the artistic community.He designed dream sequences for Alfred Hitchcock to use in his 1945 movie Spellbound, (biography/people/Salvador-Dali-40389? Page=1). He also collaborated with Walt Disney to produce the short animated film, Destine. Bizarre and outlandish, Dali often took part in surgery pieces that were despised by critics,(biography/people/ Salvador-Dali-40389? Page=1). Because he was never broody or quiet critics never took him seriously. To them an artist was secretive and every piece was to be a show case of the artists deep grief and talent.Salvador really expert wanted his artwork to be seen by the masses, so much so that he created paintings specifically for companies o sell their products. Dalais matter of revealing the gap between reality and illusion influenced all manner of modern artists. Beyond developing his own symbolic language, Dali elaborated a way to show the inner mind, (transitory. Org/artist-Dali- Salvador. HTML) He used vivid imagery to show what he thought and felt. He knew how to create hypnotic art that memorized and inspired like no other artists could. On his death bed scientists asked if the melting clocks represented Einstein theory of lethality, he said No its based on my wisdom of Camembert cheese melting in the sun. Dalais symbolism seems very profound and thoughtful and at some take it is. Ants and flesh represent an encounter with a wounded bat. Food like the fried eggs comes from Dalais childhood urge to be a cook. Instruments of mutilation are a tribute to Dalais sad-masochistic behavior and thoughts. His art has always Just been the thoughts and memories of an eccentric life and mind. Nothing more and definitely nothing less.

Criminology Theories-Differential Association and Strain Theory Essay

Abstract In criminology, theories play an important intention especially in understanding the settings, motivations, assets, demeanors and actions of criminals. These theories serve as their guidelines in order to detect and whatsoevertimes demo the plans of their enemies. Unfortunately, these theories are non one hundred percent accurate, however, learning these aspects are exempt essential. Differential friendship and punctuate Theories are most comm scarce used in the field of criminology. These theories aim to explain the centre and the instinctive or social development of criminal ideation in a mortal. The theories mentioned are uttermost(prenominal)ly demand for authorities to understand and to be familiar with. evil Theories Differential Association possibleness vs. go conjecture Theories in criminology tend to be unclear and lacking in fairishifiable broadness. The lack of clarity buns sometimes end up in apparent inconsistencies, although more than atten tion to the structure of a scientific possible action and its requirements might reveal more agreement among theorists than now recognized. In fact, rarely do operable theories offer guidance that does not require heroic leaps of conjecture. Practicality is not a requirement of a effectual possibility since theories might be void but still of use. However, condition for a supposition to be considered certifiable is none otherwise(a) than practicality.Criminology is the scientific study of iniquity hence, theories need to absorb adequate background in order to prove true and be considered useful. Another denotation of the term Criminology is the study of faithfulness making, rectitude breaking and the response to law breaking. This definition of criminology is overly a useful way to categorise the theories. Theories of law breaking are the most common and essential in the field of Criminology. The questions that usually act out is why do people commit iniquity? or What makes countries more prone to detestation than other? These theories serve as the guide of practice and a protocol to assist the implementation of law and reading of crimes (Vito, Maahs & Holmes, 2007 p.14). The interrogation paper aims to describe specific theories and analyze its over-all archetype as well as comparisons. The main theories highlighted in this paper are Differential Association Theory and wrinkle Theory. These theories are explained and scrutinized in order to line up several(a) assigns of essentials and utilize it in order to come up with a captious analysis of the said theories. The following are questions that are considered objectives of this question work.What are the theories of Differential Association Theory and Strain Theory? Discuss the concepts embedded in each surmise and obtain the important info dumbfound.What are the comparisons and contraryiations of the following theories? What are the important points to be noted in each theory?The r esearch study does not deal with any under topics except for these theories. By the end of the paper, a remainder regarding the over-all study is present.Differential Association Theory The Differential Theory has been brought by Edwin Sutherland, and this has been considered as one of the outstrip constitutions in the field of criminology. The evolution of criminology and formation of this theory have started because of this mans desire to have a new direction in the field of criminology. He has rejected the biological determinism and the extreme identity of psychiatry, as well as economic explanations of crime.The need for cash or resources is never a incite factor for a somebody to commit a crime. Due to this curious out-searching, he has arrived in the theory of Differential Association Theory. Another term for this theory is the Social Learning Theory, wherein psycho-cognitive and analytic observations are implemented. Different association proposes that criminal associatio ns and normative conflict vary across community types hence, this variation is think in the rationale for varying crime rates (Hoffman 2003). The concept of this theory states that delinquency is learned just as all other forms of behavior are learned. It implies that Different Association Theories are those associated in various factors such(prenominal) as changing community, the individual itself, the environment and family upbringing. These are the things that influence the persons behavioral concept, and if not guided properly, criminal acts may be produced. Sutherland (1947) proposed that crime and delinquency are learned in small- sort contexts through the acquisition of a preponderance of messages defining law-violating behavior as acceptable or appropriate. (Dennis & Neff, 2007)Moreover, this theory emphasizes on the genetic origins of criminal behavior, thus implying biological initiatives in crime swear. In contrast to both classical and biological theories, Differenti al Association Theory poses no obvious threats to the humane treatment of those set as criminals (Hoffman 2003).The conditions of this theory also suggests that the more frequent, intense, salient, and enduring a youths exposure to prodelinquency definitions, the more likely they will be to adopt these definitions and to use them to rationalize or justify engaging in delinquent behavior. Delinquency stems from a positive identification with law-violating behavior learned in interaction within primary groups, which is an exact opposite of vocal-induced negative emotions (Dennis & Neff, 2007).Testing Theory ValidityAccording to the journal of forefront Gundy and Rebellon (2006), differential association theory fuel be used in tracing out the behavior of crime acts in an individual. A test has been conducted in striplings who are into use of Marijuana. Specifically, among respondents who reported using other illicit medicines in 1980, only 2.8% simultaneously reported that they had abstained from the use of marijuana in the same year. The researchers pull together these individuals and they obtain an interview as well as drug sample from this group of people. The focus is withal asses the origins of criminal behavior guided by the conditions of marijuana usage.According to the respondents who have been reported using drugs other than marijuana, the presence of moral attachments, commitments or involvements are either lean, low or absent. It has been noted that these individuals have high association with substance-using peers than do those who report abstaining from such drugs. These results suggest that variables derived from existing delinquency theory are open of explaining about fifty percent of the relationship between prior marijuana use and other illicit drug use. In terms of differential association, the results obtained from the two controlled groups lies differently.The presence of reinforcement agents (peers, drug-using community, etc) and negative events are also being examined if these factors butt directly affect the said behavior. It has been noted that the individuals who have been using other drugs out from marijuana have intense negative feelings towards family, difficulties and other personal areas of their lives. On the other hand, the other group also manifests negative feelings however, the difference is the degree and coping towards these causations. In the end of their experiment, the criminal behavior that develops in a person is not brought by economical needs or the problems itself but with the environment present around the client.Strain TheoryStrain theory is another proposed subject in this argument. The theory of Strain suggests that a key motivational factor in delinquency and misconduct is strain, which is some perceived or actual state of discomfort. The strain of pursuing goals within diverse luck structures may lead to adaptations such as crime, delinquency, and other deviant behavior (Hoff man 2003).One example in this statement shows when a teenager desires for money, since the things that money can buynice clothes, CDs, movies, and so onand the lack of money causes inability to obtain such wants. This event now produces strain in the part of the teenager. This strain in turn leads to attempts to solve the problem through theft (a direct attempt to resolve financial insolvency) or alcohol and drug use (an indirect attempt to deal with the shame of insolvency). Either way, the theory of strain works by the induction of psychological strain itself (Apel et. Al 2003). Another definition provided by Dennis and Neff (2007) supports the claims of Apel (2003).General strain theory (GST) suggests that delinquency results from a youths emotional response to negative relationships with others. The negative relationships embody situations in which a youth fails to obtain a valued goal, loses something of value, or is presented with some type of noxious or aversive stimuli. Thu s, a juvenile who is failing in school, or who loses contact with a parent due to abandonment or death, or who experiences some type of victimization can be said to be experiencing strain. The emotion of anger or frustration resulting from the experience of strain, rather than the strain itself, leads the youth to engage in law-violating behavior.The main point in this statement is the occurrence of strain is not directly the valued point of origin in the case of Stain theory. The reason behind is the power of a person to control or manipulate the situation is still present however, if in case the person breaks down because of this strain experience, that is the time wherein a person manifests valiant and law-breaking actions (Siegel, 2004 p.71).Moreover, different types of delinquency or crime results from different forms of adaptation to anomie-induced strain. Property crimes, such as theft, represented innovative adaptations. Using alcohol and other drugs, on the other hand, cou ld be thought of as a retreatist mode of adaptation i.e., behavior that not only symbolically rejects the institutionalized means to achieve a positive goal, but also rejects the goal itself (Dennis & Joan, 2007). Strain comes from various origins depending on the case situation of an individual.Not every case of a person entitles him in a single strain response but rather, multi-evident causations. Using alcohol and drugs, for example, can be considered forms of self-medication, which may provide a sense of relief. Often than not, financially or resource dismay societies are more likely to be populated by strained individuals. In this case, these communities suffer from more blocked opportunity structures. Hence these communities tend to create an atmosphere conducive to anger and frustration, key antecedents to delinquent behavior. Such patient of of community breeds crime, as according to the theory, and acts of wrongdoing.Differential Association Theory vs. Strain TheoryDiffer ential theory by definition stated above originates from the intrinsic characteristic of a person, influenced by the individuals environment and molding assists. The criminal behavior is primarily because of influence of those individuals who are also linked in the same act of criminal acts. A person learns to commit crimes little by little until a person commits it without any hesitation. The psychosocial environment greatly suggests such conditioners as the primary causation of crimes. The raise of crime rates are because of the instilled negative thoughts, inappropriate guidance and lack of attachments, commitments or relationships.On the other hand, Strain theory talks about the causation of crimes not directly because of strain but due to misadventure in tolerating these kinds of stimuli. They are both result of negative impregnation of environmental pressures that in the end leads the client vulnerable to breakdown. The theory suggests that a person performs acts of delinquen cy not because of attachments or relationships but rather because of the pressuring strain. The crime rates, according to this theory, justify the increased criminal persona in places wherein financial depression or extreme difficulties are present. The last resort of the individuals is nothing but to commit crimes. In an example given, a person is ready to kill just to get the material possession that the person wants to acquire.We can determine some connections between the two since both of them are etiological conceptualizations of criminal behavior. In the case wherein, a depressed community is surrounding a person, significantly full of drug addicts and negative and influencers, a person still strives to obtain moral life. Let us say that this person has a good job as well as good family relationships. The strain in his job is greatly pressuring his everyday living. Fortunately, the person can still withstand such condition. However, because of the influence brought by the envi ronment, such as the persons peers, he begins declining his work productivity. Given a situation wherein his brothers are hospitalized and he just got fired from work, he disadvantageously needs money. In this case, the person breaks down and resort to theft.The situation calls forth occurrence of the two theories in simultaneous condition. The surrounding environment of the client influences the breeding of negative emotions, which cause the person to have fragile stand in his principles. The strain theory becomes evident when the strain of loosing a job and need for money enters in. In the end of the discussion, the person commits the crime based on influential factors as well as straining.ConclusionIn conclusion, of this paper, the answer to the proposed questions in the introduction is properly addressed in the body of the research paper. The significance of such theory in criminology is the substantial or even estimated estimate analysis of the persons criminal behavior origin . In such cases, the authorities require to learn such principles because this can help understand the motives, intentions and plans of the whole crime actions as well as the criminal itself.However, we should not be limited in these two theories alone since, human beings vary the same as their intentions and modes of focus. These theories are not applicable in other cases, therefore the best thing to do is to understand the whole concept of theory and at the same time train the assessment skills in order to avoid hypothetic falsehood.ReferencesApel, R., Brame, R., & Bushway , S. (2003, September 1). The effect of teenage employment on delinquency and problem behaviors. Social Forces Dennis, W. E., & Ness, J. L. (2007, March 1). male person Versus Female Substance Abuse Patterns Among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders Comparing Strain and Social Learning Variables. Justice every quarter JQHoffman, J. P. (2003, March 1). A contextual analysis of differential association, social contr ol, and strain theories of delinquency. Social Forces,Holmes, R. M., Maahs, J. R., & Vito, G. F. (2007). Criminology Theory, Research, And Policy. Jones and Bartlett Publisher.Siegel, L. J., & Senna, J. J. (2004). ntroduction to Criminal Justice. Thomson Wadsworth.Van Gundy, K., & Rebellon, C. J. (2006, July 1). CAN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL DELINQUENCY THEORY EXPLAIN THE LINK BETWEEN ganja AND OTHER ILLICIT DRUG USE? A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF THE GATEWAY HYPOTHESIS. Journal of medicate Issues

Lab Cojy Background (for Research Proposal)

Lab CoJY Background Cooperatives have been flourishing in the Philippines as early as the time of our national hero Dr. Jose Rizal. Way back, conjuncts has been associated with the farmers who are the intended and original beneficiaries of the cooperative movement. But as time goes by, it is defined by the law as a vehicle for promoting self reliance and harnessing lot power towards the attainment of economic go badment and social justice (Art. 2, R. A. 9520, Philippine Cooperative Code of the Philippines). Cooperatives is an mental home that could be an instrument for socio-economic upliftment and sustainable development.With all the corporations owned by financially capable persons, cooperatives give passel with limited resources to come together and pool out their resources and put up a personal credit line that they wad call their own- member-owned. Although the cooperative is designed for legal adults, even the young ones nowadays are caught by the tenet of cooperativism . Laboratory cooperatives are established as an affiliate of an adult cooperative to cater the needs of the minors and serve as a training ground for young entrepreneurs.Laboratory cooperative is a cooperative that is organized by minors and must be affiliated with a registered cooperative. It is a venue for students to develop the habit of thrift and savings, leadership competencies and business management. According to Sr. Leontina Castillo, OSA, founder of the cooperative program in ASOLC schools, in her guidebook Supervising Laboratory Cooperative Junior Youth, Lab CoJY is one of the potent avenues in schools where the students learn and live values while at the same time hone their leadership and business skill.Operating and managing the Lab COJY is a challenging and enriching task that require the living out of values similar thrift, wise use of bullion, orderliness, prudence, sacrifice, love for coop and honesty. A deep sense of responsibility, as fidelity to duties and re sponsibilities, is developed. (2) place on people while they are still young is worthy in the long-run. According in an article by Gumban, NATCCOs Aflatoun (Youth) Program Coordinator investment requires the element of wait.Waiting could take weeks, months, even year. Truly, expend in the young people takes a lot of wait. Take for example the simple savings program. The money saved is actually secondary, but the values of thrift and responsibility slowly honed through constant pull are something of great value. The fruits of this cannot be seen overnight, and maybe not even in the adult cooperators lifetime, but sure enough would manifest as they go through their chosen careers(Services for Children and Teenagers, Why invest on Young Members? ).In the same article she made mention that exposing the young members to conferences, trainings and mentors, as well as the co-op milieu would give them the chance to learn, to speak their minds, and share their dreams with their fellow y outh cooperators in a wholesome and caper way. In some schools, DepEd puts up a co-curricular program that promotes entrepreneurship and cooperativism which aims to establish a shift from the employment substructure culture by nurturing the entrepreneurial and cooperative environment, skills and competencies of the students.

Why were the major cities of Britain bombed by the Germans in 1940-41?

The Blitz (shortened from the German word Blitzkrieg meaning lightning war) was a stage of time when Germany carried out air raids on major cities in Britain.The main reason for the Blitz was that Hitler cute to invade.The Blitz began on the 7th September 1940 with London being the first city attacked. London was bombed for 56 consecutive nights after that. This was because London is a densely populated area & the Germans knew that it would cause destruction & disorderliness on a huge scale.In particular the bombers focused on the East End as it was home to docks and factories. Other places in London were as well hit such as Buckingham Palace and St Pauls Cathedral. This would take over made some pile very distraught as these buildings were part of Britains history and what had been destroyed of them could not be replaced.As well as London, towns in the south of England such as Southampton, Bristol and Portsmouth were targeted and attacked because of their dockyards. Without d ocks England would be unable to send or receive anything in ships overseas. This would have caused havoc with the economy, as vital resources would have been restricted.Hitler also set out for infrastructure and factories to be bombed because if roads, railways, buildings and factories had been ruined. Britains industry would suffer immensely. Materials to make weapons and military vehicles would be exactly and s this would have a knock- on effect on Britains progress in the war.Although a sizable number of cities by the coast were hit, the Midlands were also devastated, particularly Coventry in November 1940.In the North West, Manchester was attacked firmly in December 1940, but it was Liverpool that was the victim of the biggest raid on a mainland city.In conjunction with buildings being destroyed, Hitler also wanted the morale of the British to be shattered.In September alone, over 40,000 people a week lost their homes, their heritage and their memories. 4500 people were kill ed in November and just in London 12,500 people dies in December.Hitler wanted to crush the British drive so much that they would give up entirely and surrender. As an extract from Goebbels diary on the 1st November 1940 reads, The Fuhrer intends to keep hammering the British until they break.The British civilians lived in care that their towns would be bombed. At night the blackouts were put in place. Indoor lights, streetlights and headlights had to be off or cover so they could not be seen from above. This would make it more difficult for the planes overhead to locate their target.At the worst, people had to resort to living in the underground railways which were packed and which were filthy. Another place people took shelter was churches as a first aider on the 14th September 1940 said, People felt that nowhere would be safer than under the protection of the church.Hitler though that if the unemployed, homeless, withered people of Britain lost their spirit and faith in the Go vernment, then they would romp there back on the British war effort and so Germany would win.

Quantitative Research Methods Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quantitative Methods Project - Research Paper practice sessioneople are influenced by peers and similar or highly-regarded others in their environment wishing to conform to their expectations and attempting to fit in to their surrounding social milieu. Taking the theory of social influences to its logical conclusion, social influences also argues that we are indoctrinated through and through enculturation to perceive aspects in certain manner (Nisbett & Ross, 1980). Heuristics or schemas are created through which we automatically reason facets of our environment such as objects, personality traits, self, social roles, and social groups in a subjective manner, so driving our response. This is known as a cognitive model of perception.Priming, on the other hand, (although not needfully contradictory, merely different the two could actually be synthesized) argues that different stimuli instigate memory/ mental customer thus evoking a behavioral or judgmental repose. The theory has be en characterized as a network of complect nodes that when a particular target (for instance word or human) is perceived, the node or group of nodes representing that archetype are activated, and flooding spreads to closely associated nodes (Maxfield, 1997). The perceivers response is quickly and involuntarily activated and shortsighted if anything can be done to impede response.The general framework is cognitive, namely the belief that enculturation has spill particular heuristics that instigate negative stereotyping. In fact, however, affect has been shown to have as strong if not stronger burden on attitude (Esses, Haddock, & Zanna, 1993). Can these results carry over to prejudice? Which is stronger in determining negative stereotyping ready or social influence? This is what this study intends to investigate.Deliverable 2 Write a critical depth psychology of the structure of one of the two theories you selected above, decomposing the theory into its component parts focus on the strengths and weaknesses of the theory in terms of its promise

Evaluation Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation - Movie Review ExampleThe story revolves around a family where the father is a loser, the mother is a drunkard and the protagonist is a frustrated son trying to hightail it such dilemma. To do so, he often goes to his friends laboratory. During one of his visits, his scientist friend shows his invention, a time-machine when all of a sudden, a group of thugs riding a van shot at the doctor. As he tries to escape the criminals, Marty rides the time machine which brought him to the historic. His travel did not only offer adventures but a chance to assistant his father become a better man. Indeed, this is a unique way of presenting the common plot of stories of devising things right. The protagonist living in his parents teenage world is also a wondrous way of doing flashback although of course it is not called a flashback because the scenes should be current. With such presentation of the story, it is awesome to think to the highest degree a story sequentially unfolds but still is able to bring the audience back to the past and back to the future. The plot is pure genius and it exceeds my expectation of a good plot.Theme should always be a criterion for judging a story especially when it extends to various aspects of life. Obviously, the theme of Back to the next is just about changing for the better, perseverance and love. Nevertheless, sometimes, it is not the obvious that makes things great but the inconspicuous. I agree with Rubin Safaya who wrote about easily dismissed scenes that portray a well-thought theme. In his article, Safaya mentions the joke about the former actor Reagan go the president and Lou becoming one of the early colored politicians (2010). Such portrayals imply the theme of living the American dream, that nothing is impossible for a person who is determined to make his way to success.The actors are have well-played their separate to make the story come to life. Among the many reviews on

Texas Instruments Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Texas Instruments - Case Study Example contempt the sceptical outlook that a majority of executives had with respect to ERP, it was chosen as the methodology that could bring answers to the issues Texas Instruments face up in the late 1990s. As the case study outlines, the executives at TI felt that granted the immobile paced trend of information technology, it was necessary for the company to make around considerable changes as to their methods and processes, in a manner that would allow them to compete more favourably in their market. According to the authors Sarkis et. al, TI was facing some serious issues in handling large international orders and delivery demands. For instance, the study refers to a Taiwan customer asking for product orders to be do in California and delivered at a given spatial relation to be decided just before delivery time. Such procedural complications in the ordering social occasion would cause logistics issues that would eventually impact delivery time. As pointed out in the study, TI was facing some(prenominal) similar problems where the customer requests would be delayed as the information system in place was non flexible enough to streamline the ordering process or to meet customer demands adequately. The executive end to invest 250 million dollars in a brand new web establish ERP system was made to help address the several issues caused by the internal and incompatible information systems used for inventory, manufacturing, and sourcing. Consequently the boilers suit decision to implement a novel IS strategy to better meet customer demands was handled properly. In implementing a web based ERP system, the company would help reorganize the many processes that tie suppliers, manufacturers, and resellers on a cosmopolitan scale, and thereby meet market demands in a preferred fashion to become competitive again. In upgrading their internal information system, I believe TI executives made the right choice in partnering with Andersen Consulting for their consulting expertise in the area. Considering the size and impact of the project in the long term, it makes perfect sense to consider that managers would rent significant resources to plan and execute this strategy for an up-to-date information system capable of handling customizable orders in an effort to enhance overall customer satisfaction and loyalty to the company. The team in charge of the project, afterward meeting and evaluating the solutions of several vendors, eventually choose the SAP solution for its ability to handle large amounts of data. collect to the widespread nature of the project, reliance and pragmatism of the solution become imperative to make the transition to a more productive system. In considering the processes involved in the decision making for the adoption of the SAP based ERP system there are few objections when taking into account the pre-established goals of the company. However, in considering the results that came off the newly utilise system, there were some methods and processes that could have been considered for a better turn out. In fact, Texas Instruments experienced issues of delivery and demean productivity immediately after product launch within their enterprise. As reported in the study, it appears that the 13,000 green users of the ERP system were not properly trained on the new system prior to its implementation. The previous logical thinking would explain in part the apparent low productivity pattern which occurred during the go live soma of the ERP system. The report

China Housing Bubble Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

China Housing Bubble - Dissertation suitThe Chinese government has also secured measures to manage high prices as well as high mortgage rates. The down-payment requisites for second properties were also increased (Dreger, et.al., 2011). For the high lodging price areas, the owners were not allowed to more home purchases. The collectivistic mortgage lenders also reduced the mortgage discounts and more measures were installed to be implemented down the road, including increased belongings taxes. As a result, the caparison prices in the cities stopped increasing, but were still very high (Dreger, et.al., 2011). The housing issue was not only an economic issue, but an issue which also refers to the livelihood of the people, especially oneness which can impact on stability. Families on average income are likely to be able to grant housing. The ratio of house prices is set at an average income more than 18 in Beijing (Wu, et.al., 2010). The contest for the government is to eliminate the theoretical in-flows, while still maintaining the strong housing growth. However, although increasing house prices may indicate a bubble, is existence is still debatable. In fact, the trends of urbanization, as well as elevated incomes and change magnitude interest rates may have caused changes in the housing phenomenon. The higher prices of houses may still be in line with the basic elements and may still be within the demands under residential housing (World Bank, 2010). A burst in the house price bubble can present major destabilisation in the economy.

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Buddhism - Essay ExampleBuddhism Introduction Buddhism is a common morality practiced throughout the world and is considered to be the fourth-largest religion, following Christianity, Islam and Hinduism. Through extensive research via libraries and temples of worship and a personal interview with a practitioner of Buddhism, I will set out to discover more than somewhat Buddhism, as well as the similarities and differences that exist between Buddhism and Hinduism. After the needed information has been compiled, my mark is to allow the reader to understand the beliefs and practices of a Buddhist and to inform them of the differences between Buddhism and Hinduism in regard to beliefs, practices, eld of observation and important proposes in the religion, in addition to other important incidents that make the religions what they are. Buddhism An overview Buddhism, though recognise as a religion, is often considered to be more of a way of life and a philosophy rather than a religi ous mode. The purpose of Buddhism is to find enlightenment and to discover a cure for homo woefulness. Many religions focus on seeking enlightenment through an outside force, deity or figure of worship, though Buddhism held that our salvation from harm lies only in our own efforts. The Buddha taught that in our understanding how we create suffering for ourselves we can become free (Fisher, 2005). Buddha believed that since humans caused suffering they could also be the ones to find healing for themselves. The path to enlightenment was to be found within each individual and Buddha was the one to help lead quite a little through their personal journeys. The Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha, is the founder and lead figure in Buddhism. really little is known about Siddhartha, especially in regard to his birth due to historical fact being entangled with legend. It was predicted that Siddhartha would become a Buddha, a person who has supreme knowledge, and from a y oung duration Siddhartha displayed his potential to this prophecy. The majority of Siddharthas childhood is spent learning meditation, warrior skills, archery and spiritual disciplines. As a prince, Siddhartha was render from the harshness of life and never went without the physical luxuries of life. However, he was never satisfied with the mere enjoyment of passing pleasures due to his inquiring and contemplative nature (Knierim, 2009). One night, Siddhartha leaves his palace and wanders around, coming upon people that are suffering from old age and disease and succumbing to death. This was his first experience with reality and he became determined to do something about it, bringing about an extraordinary change to his life. Siddhartha gave up his life as a prince and left lav his palace and everything physical that he once held dear to him. He became like one of the men that he had seen the night he left the palace he became without. Siddhartha spends most of his newfound free time mediating and searching for truth. During one particular meditation experience, he finds awareness of the Great Enlightenment, which revealed to him the way of salvation from suffering (Knierim). It is thusly that he becomes a fully realized Buddha, prompting him to drop the name that he was given at the time of his birth. After

First Meditation by Rene Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First Meditation by Rene Descartes - Essay ExampleDescartes begins First Meditation or On what can be called into Doubt by introducing his first proposition that everything he knows, i.e. everything that we know, must be put to the test as they may not exactly be what is real. This is suggesting that the very foundation on which he based everything that he knows must be shattered to truly come up with a conclusion on matters of self-assessment verifiable accuracy. Thus he begins, Some years ago I was afflicted by how many false things I had believed, and by how doubtful was the structure of beliefs that I had based on them (p. 1). From here he traversed a self-contemplation that was unforgiving in meeting at the most subtile details to see the logical sequencing on how his perceptions came to be. It suggests going back to the beginning and doing away with all of his opinions to bearing at the core of his philosophy. Descartes professed that everything is false with clear and arde nt belief that they are so. He provides that some reason, not altogether significant reason but only an inkling, to tilt the scales over to doubt is an unmistakable join for doubt. The foundations are the key in being able to comprehend whether or not there is room for doubt as going at each opinion one by one to look for fallacy would be tedious and next to impossible. When this central aspect is magnified then its analysis becomes possible. The critical attribute of the First Meditation is the conversation-like format that is meant to be an almost question and answer type of practice session between Hopeful and Doubtful. The first proposition is a direct interpretation of Aristotelian philosophy on the importance of the senses in our accumulation of knowledge and beliefs. The Hopeful dialogue supposes that facts that are perceived by the senses cannot be denied such as the simple position of sitting, the bedtime clothing, the warmth of a fireplace and the act of gripping a pap er. To sustain doubt over such factors such as being in ones body would be analogous to being mad.

Sports and Enhancement Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sports and sweetener Drugs - Essay ExampleThe pulmonary tuberculosis of stimulants and mathematical operation enhancing drugs in sports gained mowork forcetum in the 1950s-60s. The full fledge substance abuse of performance-enhancing drugs was initiated by the Russian athletes who during the 1954 Olympics held in Australia gave a power packed performance outshining their competitors especially the Americans. This started a state of war of steroids as the Americans came up with their own steroid. Since then performance enhancing drugs especially steroids have become a unceasing feature in the world of sports. Stories about athletes and sportsperson using performance enhancing drugs often make headlines. For days scratch and TV media disclose events and incidents and finally confessions from sports person who failed the dope test. These prodigal sons and daughters of the soil are then labelled as cheap cheats and stripped of all the honors and medals they had earned for their co untry. People criticize the fallen idol for sometime and the sports world calls for stricter measures to discourage the use of performance enhancing drugs but then everything hushes up until a new section is inducted in the Hall of Shame. Even though they bring so much disgrace, the use of performance sweetener drugs is on the rise among sports person. What are performance enhancing drugs? Do they really affect an athletes performance and why do athletes take the risk of using them when they bring nothing but pain in the end are some questions which will be answered in this thesis. Also should the use of performance enhancing drugs be legalized will be discussed here.The new century has given a new meaning to sports earlier external sports were events where athletes from all over the world met and competed. There were humble winners and graceful losers and the ambience was friendly. The purpose of sports was to cultivate quietness and understanding and acceptance of other culture s and values. An athlete was valued more for his sportsman spirit than records he set. like a shot sports mean do or die. The advent of technology has helped the athletes improve their skills and techniques but has also killed the sportsman spirit. The view of the spectators has changed too the winners are showered with praises and prizes while the losers are blamed and blasted both by the media and the public. After a defeat many heads including those of coaches roll this extremity has made the coaches and athletes turn to desperate measures such as the use of performance enhancing drugs. Gone are the days when sports were all about sportsmanship and fair play when the team which performed hale won the competition. Today every aspect of sports is measured in superlative and only the strongest, fastest and quickest players are the winners. To gain these qualities, the athletes turn to other means besides training and practice. One of the most commonality methods is the use of pe rformance enhancing drugs. Generally performance enhancing drugs are defined as any substance which when taken orally, injected or applied as cream boosts the endurance level, strength, power and speed in a proboscis for the purpose of enhancing athletic performance (Hales 126). The use of these drugs is common all over the world and in the unite States alone nearly one to three million people including twelve percent of young men and two percent of young women take performance enhancement drugs for various purposes

High speed pursuits and the risks and liability officers take while in Research Paper

senior high school speed pursuits and the risks and liability officers take while in pursuit - Research Paper Exampledropping prey to this spell are the innocent drivers and pedestrians who have nonhing to do with the scene. Researches tell us that in USA about 350 wad lose their lives every year as a result of police force pursuits. According to other researches 2,500 get killed and 55,000 are injured per year.There has always been a spartan tilt on whether chasing should be done for every crime or just for the very serious ones. Because no matter how hard they try to drive safely, lives are taken. Several researches have been made to analyze how serious the result of pursuits is in light of the number of lives taken, and how often it occurs. According to a research conducted between 1994 and 2002, it has been undercoat out that in these 8 years 2,654 deadly crashes had occurred involving 3,965 vehicles in which 3,146 people were critically injured. Out of these people 1,088 of them were not even in the vehicle, meaning they were innocent. So this research female genitalia be concluded by saying that the deaths by accident, over those 8 years were 1,088 an average of 121 people per year.This gets even more pitiful when the police are chasing for a person who hasnt done anything violent and someone is killed because of it. Before this act police should realize if it is more important to chase after the guilty, or to save several souls. They should not forget that there are certain other ways to chase, one of which is by helicopters. Besides that, persevere sticks are used by officers for this cause. This stripped diffuses a certain amount of air from the suspects tire. In this way, officers can wait for the suspects vehicle to slow down and then easily catch them. This mode is used by a lot of agencies, like departments in Cincinnati, Ohio, Ohio State course Patrol, the Utah Highway Patrol, and the Pennsylvania State Police to increase effectiveness and reduce the risks of accidents. Despite all the risks and the rate of accidents,